Enum: CausalMechanismQualifierEnum

Permissible Values

Value	Meaning	Description
modulation	None	A causal mechanism that effects the normal functioning of a protein in some way e.g., mixed agonist/antagonist or unclear whether action is positive or negative
allosteric_modulation	None	A modulation mechanism that occurs when a chemical exerts an effect on a protein targets via a different binding site than the natural ('orthosteric') ligand site.
mixed_allosteric_modulation	None	An allosteric modulation mechanism that occurs when a chemical may exert an activating effect or an inhibitory effect in different conditions / contexts (e.g. concentration, receptor conformational state, signaling pathway context, receptor subtype, cellular environment).
biphasic_allosteric_modulation	None	A mixed allosteric modulation mechanism that occurs when a chemical exerts an activating effect at lower concentrations, and an inhibitory effect at higher concentrations.
mixed_agonism	None	An modulation mechanism in which the effector acts as both an agonist (activating a receptor) and an antagonist (blocking a receptor) at different receptor sites.
positive_modulation	None	A modulation mechanism that positively effects the normal functioning of a target by increasing or enhancing its activity or abundance, or its sensitivity to other factors that do so.
potentiation	None	A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to and enhances or intensifies the effect of some other chemical or drug on its target.
induction	None	A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to and increases the activity/rate of an enzyme that processes drugs in the body.
cofactor	None	A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector (usually some non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion) is required for a target enzyme's biological/catalytic activity.
activation	None	A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to and positively affects the normal functioning of its target.
positive_allosteric_modulation	None	A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector enhances the action of the endogenous ligand of a receptor by binding to a site distinct from that ligand (i.e. non-competitive inhibition)
agonism	None	An activation mechanism in which the effector binds and activates a receptor to mimic the effect of an endogenous ligand.
partial_agonism	None	An agonism mechanism in which the effector binds to and only partially activates a receptor (relative to the response to a full agonist)
biased_agonism	None	An agonism mechanism in which the effector binds to a receptor and activates certain signaling pathways while ignoring others, allowing it to produce a desired effect without unwanted side effects.
antibody_agonism	None	An agonism mechanism in which the effector is an antobody that binds and activates a receptor to mimic the effect of an endogenous ligand.
molecular_channel_opening	None	An activation mechanism in which the effector binds to a molecular channel and facilitates transport of ions through it.
stimulation	None	An activation mechanism in which the effector directly or indirectly affects its target, stimulating a physiological response.
guanyl_nucleotide_exchange	None	An activation mechanism in which the effector catalyzes the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein).
negative_modulation	None	A modulation mechanism that negatively effects the normal functioning of a target by decreasing or impeding its activity or abundance, or its sensitivity to other factors that do so.
negative_gene_editing_modulation	None	A negative modulation mechanism in which the effector elicits the negative modulation of its target through a gene editing activity.
gtpase_activation	None	An activation mechanism in which the effector accelerates the intrinsic GTPase activity of a G-protein, promoting the conversion of the active, GTP-bound form to the inactive, GDP-bound form, thereby terminating a signaling event. Note that this is a negative modulation mechanism because the target is the G-protein whose activity is attenuated through gtpase activation.
atpase_activation	None	An activation mechanism in which the effector accelerates the intrinsic ATPase activity of a target protein, promoting the conversion of the active, ATP-bound form to the inactive, ADP-bound form, thereby terminating a signaling event. Note that this is a negative modulation mechanism because the target is the protein whose activity is attenuated through atpase activation.
antisense_oligonucleotide_inhibition	None	A negative modulation mechanism in which an antisense oligonucleotide effector prevents translation of a complementary mRNA sequence through binding and targeting it for degradation. Note that while this is called "inhibition', it is not inhibition in the classic biochemical sense that requires a direct interaction between effector and target.
rna_interference_inhibition	None	A negative modulation mechanism in which an effector small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule finds and destroys messenger RNA (mRNA) with a complementary sequence, preventing a specific gene from being translated into a protein. Note that while this is called "inhibition', it is not inhibition in the classic biochemical sense that requires a direct interaction between effector and target.
suppression	None	A negative modulation mechanism in which the effector directly or indirectly affects its target, suppressing a physiological process.
feedback_inhibition	None	An negative modulation mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme early in that same pathway, which stops the production of the final product when it's no longer needed.
inhibition	None	A negative modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to the target and negatively effects its normal function, e.g. prevention of enzymatic reaction or activation of downstream pathway.
antibody_inhibition	None	An inhibition mechanism in which an antibody effector specifically binds to and interferes with the target.
antagonism	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a receptor and prevents activation by an agonist through competing for the binding site.
allosteric_antagonism	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a receptor at an allosteric site and prevents activation by a positive allosteric modulator at that site.
non_competitive_antagonism	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds a site distinct from the agonist's binding site (non-orthosteric), or irreversibly/insurmountably inactivates the receptor - reduces the receptor’s maximal response (Emax) in a way that cannot be overcome by adding more agonist.
competitive_inhibition	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a target molecule (such as an enzyme) and prevents the binding of a substrate (or another binding partner) and vice versa.
noncompetitive_inhibition	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a target molecule (such as an enzyme) at a site other than the active site, in a way that reduces the activity of the target.
negative_allosteric_modulation	None	A noncompetitive inhibition mechanism in which the effector reduces or prevents the action of the endogenous ligand of a receptor by binding to a site distinct from that ligand, and causing a conformational change that affects ligand binding.
gating_inhibition	None	An inhibition mechanism mediated by the transition of ion channels between their open (conducting) and closed (non-conducting) conformational states.
irreversible_inhibition	None	An inhibition mechanism in which an effector permanently binds to a target, permanently disrupting its activity.
molecular_channel_blockage	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a molecular channel and prevents or reduces transport of ions through it.
inverse_agonism	None	An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to the same receptor-binding site as an agonist and antagonizes its effects, often exerting the opposite effect of the agonist by suppressing spontaneous receptor signaling.
binding	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by the direct contact between effector and target chemical or biomolecular entity, which form a stable physical interaction (typically non-covalent).
covalent_binding	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by a direct covalent binding interaction between effector and target chemical or biomolecular entity.
adduction	None	A covalent binding mechanism in which a drug-protein adduct forms by the covalent binding of electrophilic drugs or their reactive metabolite(s) to a target protein.
crosslinking	None	A covalent binding mechanism in which an effector induces cross-linking of target proteins or nucleic acids - covalently joining them into a rigid structure.
transglutamination	None	A covalent binding mechanism involving formation of a covalent bond between a glutamine residue and an amine as catalyzed by a transglutaminase.
disuphide_binding	None	A covalent binding mechanism involving a covalent bond formed between two cysteine residues in or between proteins.
stabilization	None	A modulation mechanism in which the effector increases the conformational stability of a protein or complex.
chaperone_mediated_stabilization	None
destabilization	None	A modulation mechanism in which a chaperone molecule directly binds to a partially folded biosynthetic intermediate to stabilize the protein and allow it to complete the folding process to yield a functional protein.
degradation	None	A modulation mechanism that controls protein and cellular component levels through the regulated breakdown and recycling of molecules.
cleavage	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector promotes degeneration of the target protein through cleaving of the peptide bonds.
hydrolysis	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector cleaves its target through a chemical reaction where a molecule of water is used to break a bond.
disruption	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector destabilizes or disrupts a protein complex, macromolecular assembly, cell membrane etc.
opening	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector positively effects the normal functioning of an ion channel e.g., facilitates transport of ions through the channel.
multitarget_modulation	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector achieves a physiological effect through simultaneous interaction with multiple gene targets.
chelation	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector binds to a metal ion target, reducing its availability/reactivity for further interactions.
release	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector reverses the normal functioning of a transporter, causing release of the substrate, rather than uptake
sequestration	None	A modulation mechanism in which an effector binds to a substance such as a drug, toxin or metabolite and reduces its availability for further interactions.
oxidoreduction	None	A modulation mechanism in which in which electrons are transferred between molecules catalyzed by an oxidoreductase enzyme.
exogenous_protein	None	A modulation mechanism in which a protein from an exogenous source acts as a substitute or supplement for a specific protein which is absent or has reduced function in an affected target/subject.
exogenous_gene	None	A modulation mechanism in which a nucleic acid from an exogenous source acts as a substitute or supplement for a specific gene which is absent or has reduced function in an affected target/subject.
transcriptional_regulation	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by through the control of target gene transcription.
translational_regulation	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by through the control of target gene translation.
catalytic_activity	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by through the catalytic activity of the effector on the target.
chemical_modification	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by a protein/complex effector altering a small molecule by modifying it or converting it to something else.
relocalization	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by an effector that alters the localization of a target in the cell or body.
isomerization	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by an effector that alters the isomeric conformation of a target.
signaling_mediated_control	None	A modulation mechanism mediated by the activation or control of signaling events that influence the some aspect of the target entity (e.g. its activity, processing, transport, etc.).
immune_system_modulation	None	A modulation mechanism in which the actions of the effector on the immune system ultimately mediate the affects a target.
vaccine_antigen	None	An immune system modulation mechanism in which a vaccine mediates its effect through the activation of the immune system against the target.
post_transcriptional_regulation	None	A modulation mechanism which controls expression of a target gene at the RNA level after a gene has been transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).
molecular_modification	None	A modulation mechanism through which an effect is mediated by the modification of a target, through addition of chemical moieties such phosphate groups, ubiquitin, lipids, etc., which alter its activity or cellular behavior.
phosphorylation	None	None
dephosphorylation	None	None
neddylation	None	None
deneddylation	None	None
lipidation	None	None
palmitoylation	None	None
myristoylation	None	None
tyrosination	None	None
carboxylation	None	None
ubiquitination	None	None
monoubiquitination	None	None
polyubiquitination	None	None
deubiquitination	None	None
sulfation	None	None
reduction	None	A molecular modification mechanism in which an effector modifies a target substrate via a reduction reaction.
oxidation	None	A molecular modification mechanism in which an effector modifies a target substrate via an oxidation reaction.
acetylation	None	None
deacetylation	None	None
glycosylation	None	None
deglycosylation	None	None
methylation	None	None
trimethylation	None	None
demethylation	None	None
sumoylation	None	None
desumoylation	None	None
ADP-ribosylation	None	None
de-ADP-ribosylation	None	None
ampylation	None	A molecular modification involving the addition of an adenylyl (AMP) moiety to a substrate protein residue.
hydroxylation	None	None
s_nitrosylation	None	None

Slots constrained by this enum

Name
causal_mechanism_qualifier
causal_mechanism_qualifier

LinkML Source

name: CausalMechanismQualifierEnum
from_schema: https://w3id.org/biolink/vocab/
permissible_values:
  modulation:
    text: modulation
    description: A causal mechanism that effects the normal functioning of a protein
      in some way e.g., mixed agonist/antagonist or unclear whether action is positive
      or negative
  allosteric_modulation:
    text: allosteric_modulation
    description: A modulation mechanism that occurs when a chemical exerts an effect
      on a protein targets via a different binding site than the natural ('orthosteric')
      ligand site.
    is_a: modulation
  mixed_allosteric_modulation:
    text: mixed_allosteric_modulation
    description: An allosteric modulation mechanism that occurs when a chemical may
      exert an activating effect or an inhibitory effect in different conditions /
      contexts (e.g. concentration, receptor conformational state, signaling pathway
      context, receptor subtype, cellular environment).
    is_a: allosteric_modulation
  biphasic_allosteric_modulation:
    text: biphasic_allosteric_modulation
    description: A mixed allosteric modulation mechanism that occurs when a chemical
      exerts an activating effect at lower concentrations, and an inhibitory effect
      at higher concentrations.
    is_a: mixed_allosteric_modulation
  mixed_agonism:
    text: mixed_agonism
    description: An modulation mechanism in which the effector acts as both an agonist
      (activating a receptor) and an antagonist (blocking a receptor) at different
      receptor sites.
    is_a: modulation
  positive_modulation:
    text: positive_modulation
    description: A modulation mechanism that positively effects the normal functioning
      of a target by increasing or enhancing its activity or abundance, or its sensitivity
      to other factors that do so.
    is_a: modulation
  potentiation:
    text: potentiation
    description: A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to and
      enhances or intensifies the effect of some other chemical or drug on its target.
    is_a: positive_modulation
  induction:
    text: induction
    description: A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to and
      increases the activity/rate of an enzyme that processes drugs in the body.
    is_a: positive_modulation
    close_mappings:
    - DGIdb:inducer
  cofactor:
    text: cofactor
    description: A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector (usually some
      non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion) is required for a target enzyme's
      biological/catalytic activity.
    is_a: positive_modulation
  activation:
    text: activation
    description: A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to and
      positively affects the normal functioning of its target.
    is_a: positive_modulation
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:activator
    - DGIdb:activator
  positive_allosteric_modulation:
    text: positive_allosteric_modulation
    description: A positive modulation mechanism in which the effector enhances the
      action of the endogenous ligand of a receptor by binding to a site distinct
      from that ligand (i.e. non-competitive inhibition)
    is_a: activation
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:positive_allosteric_modulator
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:positive_modulator
    - DGIdb:positive_allosteric_modulator
    broad_mappings:
    - DGIdb:modulator
    - DGIdb:allosteric_modulator
  agonism:
    text: agonism
    description: An activation mechanism in which the effector binds and activates
      a receptor to mimic the effect of an endogenous ligand.
    is_a: activation
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:agonist
    - DGIdb:agonist
    narrow_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:partial_agonist
    - DGIdb:partial_agonist
  partial_agonism:
    text: partial_agonism
    description: An agonism mechanism in which the effector binds to and only partially
      activates a receptor (relative to the response to a full agonist)
    is_a: agonism
  biased_agonism:
    text: biased_agonism
    description: An agonism mechanism in which the effector  binds to a receptor and
      activates certain signaling pathways while ignoring others, allowing it to produce
      a desired effect without unwanted side effects.
    is_a: agonism
  antibody_agonism:
    text: antibody_agonism
    description: An agonism mechanism in which the effector is an antobody that binds
      and activates a receptor to mimic the effect of an endogenous ligand.
    is_a: agonism
  molecular_channel_opening:
    text: molecular_channel_opening
    description: An activation mechanism in which the effector binds to a molecular
      channel and facilitates transport of ions through it.
    is_a: activation
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:opener
  stimulation:
    text: stimulation
    description: An activation mechanism in which the effector directly or indirectly
      affects its target, stimulating a physiological response.
    is_a: activation
    close_mappings:
    - DGIdb:stimulator
    - SEMMEDDB:STIMULATES
    - DGIdb:stimulator
  guanyl_nucleotide_exchange:
    text: guanyl_nucleotide_exchange
    description: An activation mechanism in which the effector catalyzes the exchange
      of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in a guanine
      nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein).
    is_a: activation
  negative_modulation:
    text: negative_modulation
    description: A modulation mechanism that negatively effects the normal functioning
      of a target by decreasing or impeding its activity or abundance, or its sensitivity
      to other factors that do so.
    is_a: modulation
    narrow_mappings:
    - DGIdb:negative_modulator
  negative_gene_editing_modulation:
    text: negative_gene_editing_modulation
    description: A negative modulation mechanism in which the effector elicits the
      negative modulation of its target through a gene editing activity.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  gtpase_activation:
    text: gtpase_activation
    description: An activation mechanism in which the effector accelerates the intrinsic
      GTPase activity of a G-protein, promoting the conversion of the active, GTP-bound
      form to the inactive, GDP-bound form, thereby terminating a signaling event.
      Note that this is a negative modulation mechanism because the target is the
      G-protein whose activity is attenuated through gtpase activation.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  atpase_activation:
    text: atpase_activation
    description: An activation mechanism in which the effector accelerates the intrinsic
      ATPase activity of a target protein, promoting the conversion of the active,
      ATP-bound form to the inactive, ADP-bound form, thereby terminating a signaling
      event. Note that this is a negative modulation mechanism because the target
      is the protein whose activity is attenuated through atpase activation.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  antisense_oligonucleotide_inhibition:
    text: antisense_oligonucleotide_inhibition
    description: A negative modulation mechanism in which an antisense oligonucleotide
      effector prevents translation of a complementary mRNA sequence through binding
      and targeting it for degradation. Note that while this is called "inhibition',
      it is not inhibition in the classic biochemical sense that requires a direct
      interaction between effector and target.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  rna_interference_inhibition:
    text: rna_interference_inhibition
    description: A negative modulation mechanism in which an effector small interfering
      RNA (siRNA) molecule finds and destroys messenger RNA (mRNA) with a complementary
      sequence, preventing a specific gene from being translated into a protein. Note
      that while this is called "inhibition', it is not inhibition in the classic
      biochemical sense that requires a direct interaction between effector and target.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  suppression:
    text: suppression
    description: A negative modulation mechanism in which the effector directly or
      indirectly affects its target, suppressing a physiological process.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  feedback_inhibition:
    text: feedback_inhibition
    description: An negative modulation mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic
      pathway inhibits an enzyme early in that same pathway, which stops the production
      of the final product when it's no longer needed.
    is_a: negative_modulation
  inhibition:
    text: inhibition
    description: A negative modulation mechanism in which the effector binds to the
      target and negatively effects its normal function, e.g. prevention of enzymatic
      reaction or activation of downstream pathway.
    is_a: negative_modulation
    close_mappings:
    - DGIdb:inhibitor
    - SEMMEDDB:INHIBITS
    narrow_mappings:
    - DGIdb:blocker
    - DGIdb:channel_blocker
    - DGIdb:gating_inhibitor
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:antisense_inhibitor
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:blocker
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:inhibitor
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:negative_allosteric_modulator
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:negative_modulator
    - DGIdb:negative_modulator
  antibody_inhibition:
    text: antibody_inhibition
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which an antibody effector specifically
      binds to and interferes with the target.
    is_a: inhibition
  antagonism:
    text: antagonism
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a receptor
      and prevents activation by an agonist through competing for the binding site.
    is_a: inhibition
    close_mappings:
    - DGIdb:antagonist
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:antagonist
    narrow_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:allosteric_antagonist
  allosteric_antagonism:
    text: allosteric_antagonism
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a receptor
      at an allosteric site and prevents activation by a positive allosteric modulator
      at that site.
    is_a: antagonism
  non_competitive_antagonism:
    text: non_competitive_antagonism
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds a site distinct
      from the agonist's binding site (non-orthosteric), or irreversibly/insurmountably
      inactivates the receptor - reduces the receptor’s maximal response (Emax) in
      a way that cannot be overcome by adding more agonist.
    is_a: antagonism
  competitive_inhibition:
    text: competitive_inhibition
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a target molecule
      (such as an enzyme) and prevents the binding of a substrate (or another binding
      partner) and vice versa.
    is_a: inhibition
  noncompetitive_inhibition:
    text: noncompetitive_inhibition
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a target molecule
      (such as an enzyme) at a site other than the active site, in a way that reduces
      the activity of the target.
    is_a: inhibition
  negative_allosteric_modulation:
    text: negative_allosteric_modulation
    description: A noncompetitive inhibition mechanism in which the effector reduces
      or prevents the action of the endogenous ligand of a receptor by binding to
      a site distinct from that ligand, and causing a conformational change that affects
      ligand binding.
    is_a: noncompetitive_inhibition
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:negative_allosteric_modulator
    - DGIdb:inhibitory_allosteric_modulator
  gating_inhibition:
    text: gating_inhibition
    description: An inhibition mechanism mediated by the transition of ion channels
      between their open (conducting) and closed (non-conducting) conformational states.
    is_a: inhibition
  irreversible_inhibition:
    text: irreversible_inhibition
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which an effector permanently binds to
      a target, permanently disrupting its activity.
    is_a: inhibition
  molecular_channel_blockage:
    text: molecular_channel_blockage
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to a molecular
      channel and prevents or reduces transport of ions through it.
    is_a: inhibition
  inverse_agonism:
    text: inverse_agonism
    description: An inhibition mechanism in which the effector binds to the same receptor-binding
      site as an agonist and antagonizes its effects, often exerting the opposite
      effect of the agonist by suppressing spontaneous receptor signaling.
    is_a: inhibition
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:inverse_agonist
    - DGIdb:inverse_agonist
  binding:
    text: binding
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by the direct contact between effector
      and target chemical or biomolecular entity, which form a stable physical interaction
      (typically non-covalent).
    is_a: modulation
  covalent_binding:
    text: covalent_binding
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by a direct covalent binding interaction
      between effector and target chemical or biomolecular entity.
    is_a: modulation
  adduction:
    text: adduction
    description: A covalent binding mechanism in which a drug-protein adduct forms
      by the covalent binding of electrophilic drugs or their reactive metabolite(s)
      to a target protein.
    is_a: covalent_binding
  crosslinking:
    text: crosslinking
    description: A covalent binding mechanism in which an effector induces cross-linking
      of target proteins or nucleic acids - covalently joining them into a rigid structure.
    is_a: covalent_binding
  transglutamination:
    text: transglutamination
    description: A covalent binding mechanism involving formation of a covalent bond
      between a glutamine residue and an amine as catalyzed by a transglutaminase.
    is_a: covalent_binding
  disuphide_binding:
    text: disuphide_binding
    description: A covalent binding mechanism involving a covalent bond formed between
      two cysteine residues in or between proteins.
    is_a: covalent_binding
  stabilization:
    text: stabilization
    description: A modulation mechanism in which the effector increases the conformational
      stability of a protein or complex.
    is_a: modulation
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL.MECHANISM:stabiliser
  chaperone_mediated_stabilization:
    text: chaperone_mediated_stabilization
    description: ''
    is_a: stabilization
  destabilization:
    text: destabilization
    description: A modulation mechanism in which a chaperone molecule directly binds
      to a partially folded biosynthetic intermediate to stabilize the protein and
      allow it to complete the folding process to yield a functional protein.
    is_a: modulation
  degradation:
    text: degradation
    description: A modulation mechanism that controls protein and cellular component
      levels through the regulated breakdown and recycling of molecules.
    is_a: modulation
  cleavage:
    text: cleavage
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector promotes degeneration
      of the target protein through cleaving of the peptide bonds.
    is_a: modulation
  hydrolysis:
    text: hydrolysis
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector cleaves its target through
      a chemical reaction where a molecule of water is used to break a bond.
    is_a: modulation
  disruption:
    text: disruption
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector destabilizes or disrupts
      a protein complex, macromolecular assembly, cell membrane etc.
    is_a: modulation
  opening:
    text: opening
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector positively effects the
      normal functioning of an ion channel e.g., facilitates transport of ions through
      the channel.
    is_a: modulation
  multitarget_modulation:
    text: multitarget_modulation
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector achieves a physiological
      effect through simultaneous interaction with multiple gene targets.
    is_a: modulation
  chelation:
    text: chelation
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector binds to a metal ion
      target, reducing its availability/reactivity for further interactions.
    is_a: modulation
  release:
    text: release
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector reverses the normal functioning
      of a transporter, causing release of the substrate, rather than uptake
    is_a: modulation
    close_mappings:
    - CHEMBL:MECHANISM:releasing_agent
  sequestration:
    text: sequestration
    description: A modulation mechanism in which an effector binds to a substance
      such as a drug, toxin or metabolite and reduces its availability for further
      interactions.
    is_a: modulation
  oxidoreduction:
    text: oxidoreduction
    description: A modulation mechanism in which in which electrons are transferred
      between molecules catalyzed by an oxidoreductase enzyme.
    is_a: modulation
  exogenous_protein:
    text: exogenous_protein
    description: A modulation mechanism in which a protein from an exogenous source
      acts as a substitute or supplement for a specific protein which is absent or
      has reduced function in an affected target/subject.
    is_a: modulation
  exogenous_gene:
    text: exogenous_gene
    description: A modulation mechanism in which a nucleic acid from an exogenous
      source acts as a substitute or supplement for a specific gene which is absent
      or has reduced function in an affected target/subject.
    is_a: modulation
  transcriptional_regulation:
    text: transcriptional_regulation
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by through the control of target
      gene transcription.
    is_a: modulation
  translational_regulation:
    text: translational_regulation
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by through the control of target
      gene translation.
    is_a: modulation
  catalytic_activity:
    text: catalytic_activity
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by through the catalytic activity
      of the effector on the target.
    is_a: modulation
  chemical_modification:
    text: chemical_modification
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by a protein/complex effector altering
      a small molecule by modifying it or converting it to something else.
    is_a: modulation
  relocalization:
    text: relocalization
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by an effector that alters the localization
      of a target in the cell or body.
    is_a: modulation
  isomerization:
    text: isomerization
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by an effector that alters the isomeric
      conformation of a target.
    is_a: modulation
  signaling_mediated_control:
    text: signaling_mediated_control
    description: A modulation mechanism mediated by the activation or control of signaling
      events that influence the some aspect of the target entity (e.g. its activity,
      processing, transport, etc.).
    is_a: modulation
  immune_system_modulation:
    text: immune_system_modulation
    description: A modulation mechanism in which the actions of the effector on the
      immune system ultimately mediate the affects a target.
    is_a: modulation
  vaccine_antigen:
    text: vaccine_antigen
    description: An immune system modulation mechanism in which a vaccine mediates
      its effect through the activation of the immune system against the target.
    is_a: immune_system_modulation
  post_transcriptional_regulation:
    text: post_transcriptional_regulation
    description: A modulation mechanism which controls expression of a target gene
      at the RNA level after a gene has been transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).
    is_a: modulation
  molecular_modification:
    text: molecular_modification
    description: A modulation mechanism through which an effect is mediated by the
      modification of a target, through addition of chemical moieties such phosphate
      groups, ubiquitin, lipids, etc., which alter its activity or cellular behavior.
    is_a: modulation
  phosphorylation:
    text: phosphorylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  dephosphorylation:
    text: dephosphorylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  neddylation:
    text: neddylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  deneddylation:
    text: deneddylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  lipidation:
    text: lipidation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  palmitoylation:
    text: palmitoylation
    is_a: lipidation
  myristoylation:
    text: myristoylation
    is_a: lipidation
  tyrosination:
    text: tyrosination
    is_a: molecular_modification
  carboxylation:
    text: carboxylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  ubiquitination:
    text: ubiquitination
    is_a: molecular_modification
  monoubiquitination:
    text: monoubiquitination
    is_a: ubiquitination
  polyubiquitination:
    text: polyubiquitination
    is_a: ubiquitination
  deubiquitination:
    text: deubiquitination
    is_a: molecular_modification
  sulfation:
    text: sulfation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  reduction:
    text: reduction
    description: A molecular modification mechanism in which an effector modifies
      a target substrate via a reduction reaction.
    is_a: molecular_modification
  oxidation:
    text: oxidation
    description: A molecular modification mechanism in which an effector modifies
      a target substrate via an oxidation reaction.
    is_a: molecular_modification
  acetylation:
    text: acetylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  deacetylation:
    text: deacetylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  glycosylation:
    text: glycosylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  deglycosylation:
    text: deglycosylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  methylation:
    text: methylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  trimethylation:
    text: trimethylation
    is_a: methylation
  demethylation:
    text: demethylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  sumoylation:
    text: sumoylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  desumoylation:
    text: desumoylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  ADP-ribosylation:
    text: ADP-ribosylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  de-ADP-ribosylation:
    text: de-ADP-ribosylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  ampylation:
    text: ampylation
    description: A molecular modification involving the addition of an adenylyl (AMP)
      moiety to a substrate protein residue.
    is_a: molecular_modification
  hydroxylation:
    text: hydroxylation
    is_a: molecular_modification
  s_nitrosylation:
    text: s_nitrosylation
    is_a: molecular_modification